Estudio en vida real de efectividad de una fórmula hipercalórica hiperproteica en el mantenimiento y mejora del estado nutricional en pacientes con indicación de nutrición enteral a largo plazo / Real-life study of the effectiveness of a high calorie and high protein formula in the maintenance and improvement of nutritional state in patients with an indication of long-term enteral nutrition

La selección de la fórmula más adecuada en nutrición enteral domiciliaria a largo plazo es un tema controvertido. Nuestro objetivo fue estudiar una fórmula hipercalórica hiperproteica en pacientes con alimentación exclusivamente con sonda a largo plazo (180 días). MÉTODOS: Estudio multicéntrico observacional prospectivo en vida real con fórmula hipercalórica hiperproteica (2kcal/ml y 20% de proteínas). Se recogieron datos generales, antropométricos, analíticos y de calidad de vida mediante escala analógica visual del European Quality of Life-5 Dimensions al inicio, 60, 120 y 180 días. La tolerancia gastrointestinal se evaluó con una escala analógica visual y escala de heces de Bristol y la valoración del riesgo de desnutrición mediante NRS-2002. RESULTADOS: Un total de 51 pacientes (88,2% varones, edad media de 62,0 años), con patología oncológica en el 72,5%. No hubo diferencias en datos antropométricos, aunque sí se redujo el porcentaje de pacientes con riesgo de desnutrición del 75 al 8,3% (p < 0,0001). No se observaron diferencias en albúmina, prealbúmina, transferrina, linfocitos o hematocrito. La calidad de vida mejoró de 3,84 (1,27) a 5,37 (1,12) en la escala analógica visual (p < 0,0001). Se observó una reducción de la sintomatología gastrointestinal a lo largo del seguimiento. Tanto el número como el porcentaje de deposiciones consideradas normales según la escala de Bristol se mantuvieron estables. CONCLUSIÓN: Nuestro estudio apoya que el empleo de fórmulas hipercalóricas hiperproteicas durante un tratamiento nutricional a 6 meses permite una adecuada evolución nutricional sin riesgo de deshidratación y con una buena tolerancia, incluso mejoría de sintomatología gastrointestinal, y puede contribuir a una mejora en la calidad de vida

The selection of the most appropriate formula in long-term home enteral nutrition is a controversial issue. Our objective was to study a high protein hypercaloric enteral nutrition formula in patients with long-term feeding (180 days). METHODS: Prospective observational multicenter real-life study with high-protein hypercaloric formula (2kcal/ml and 20% protein). General, anthropometric, analytical and quality of life data were collected by visual analog scale of the European Quality of Life-5 Dimensions at the beginning, 60, 120 and 180 days. Gastrointestinal tolerance was assessed with a visual analog scale and Bristol Stool Scale and the risk of malnutrition was assessed using NRS-2002. RESULTS: 51 patients (88.2% men, mean age 62.0 years), with oncological diseases in 72.5%. No differences in anthropometric data were observed, although the percentage of patients at risk of malnutrition according to NRS 2002 was reduced from 75% to 8.3% (p < 0.0001). No differences were observed in albumin, prealbumin, transferrin, lymphocytes or hematocrit. The quality of life improved from 3.84 (1.27) to 5.37 (1.12) on the visual analog scale (p < 0.0001). A reduction in gastrointestinal symptoms was observed throughout the period of enteral nutrition. Both the number and percentage of stools considered normal according to the Bristol scale remained stable. CONCLUSION: Our study supports that the use of high-protein hypercaloric formulas during a 6-month nutritional treatment allows an adequate nutritional evolution without risk of dehydration and with a good tolerance, even improvement of gastrointestinal symptoms, and can contribute to an improvement in the quality of lifetime

Nutritional considerations for the management of the older person with hepato-pancreatico-biliary malignancy.

Malnutrition and cancer cachexia are prevalent in older people with hepato-pancreatico-biliary (HPB) malignancy, with the resultant loss of muscle mass and function accelerating normal age-associated losses. Unintentional weight loss may be missed in patients with pre-illness obesity, delaying diagnosis and limiting treatment potential and access. Sarcopenia and/or sarcopenic obesity increase the risk of dose-limiting chemotherapy toxicity, post-operative mortality and overall survival. The aetiology of malnutrition and weight loss is multi-factorial in patients with HPB malignancy, necessitating systematic evaluation of endocrine and exocrine function, and multi-modal therapeutic strategies. Prehabilitation aims to reduce the complications and side effects associated with treatment, aid recovery and improve quality of life, with the greatest benefits potentially being seen in high risk groups, such as people who are older and frail. Post-operatively, individualised nutritional support therapies targeting the preservation of weight and muscle indices are required to improve post-operative morbidity, and avoid delay or early cessation of any necessary adjuvant therapy.

Nutritional approach in patients hospitalized with Covid-19 / Abordaje nutricional en pacientes hospitalizados con Covid-19

Introduction: Nutritional support is a central pillar of comprehensive treatment. The recommendations suggest starting with protein supplements and enteral nutrition specific for respiratory distress. Objectives: To characterize patients with nutritional risk admitted by COVID-19, describe nutritional procedures, and assess the impact of admission on nutritional status. Material and methods: Observational, descriptive and retrospective study of admissions by COVID-19 from March 15 to April 25, 2020 Inclusion criteria: income > 3 days and PCR, protein and albumin values at admission and discharge. Computer tools: FarHo® and HCI® del. Statistics: SPSS®. Results: 45 patients in the study, 55% men with an average age of 65 years. The average values of protein and albumin at entry and discharge were in range, with a slight decrease for the high values, especially of albumin. (p>0.05). The average number of days of admission is 7.32 days. 40% were patients with nutritional risk. Nutritional intervention was carried out on 46% of the patients and 50%managed to increase the protein figures at discharge. The differences are not statistically significant. (p>0.05). There are no significant differences between the values in the entry and discharge over time (p>0.05). Discussion: We should consider protocolizing a correct approach to hospital malnutrition in our center and systematize nutritional care in this vulnerable population. Conclusions: 1. Forty% of the patients admitted for COVID-19 presented nutritional risk. 2. The nutritional interventions carried out consisted of providing hypercaloric and hyperprotein supplements and specific enteral diets for respiratory failure. The differences in protein and albumin, at admission and discharge are not significant. 3. Time in hospital for COVID has no effect on the nutritional status of patients

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Nutrition literacy predicts adherence to healthy/unhealthy diet patterns in adults with a nutrition-related chronic condition.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the relationship between adherence to distinct dietary patterns and nutrition literacy. DESIGN: We identified distinct dietary patterns using principal covariates regression (PCovR) and principal components analysis (PCA) from the Diet History Questionnaire II. Nutrition literacy was assessed using the Nutrition Literacy Assessment Instrument (NLit). Cross-sectional relationships between dietary pattern adherence and global and domain-specific NLit scores were tested by multiple linear regression. Mean differences in diet pattern adherence among three predefined nutrition literacy performance categories were tested by ANOVA. SETTING: Metropolitan Kansas City, USA. PARTICIPANTS: Adults (n 386) with at least one of four diet-related diseases. RESULTS: Three diet patterns of interest were derived: a PCovR prudent pattern and PCA-derived Western and Mediterranean patterns. After controlling for age, sex, BMI, race, household income, education level and diabetes status, PCovR prudent pattern adherence positively related to global NLit score (P < 0·001, ß = 0·36), indicating more intake of prudent diet foods with improved nutrition literacy. Validating the PCovR findings, PCA Western pattern adherence inversely related to global NLit (P = 0·003, ß = -0·13) while PCA Mediterranean pattern positively related to global NLit (P = 0·02, ß = 0·12). Using predefined cut points, those with poor nutrition literacy consumed more foods associated with the Western diet (fried foods, sugar-sweetened beverages, red meat, processed foods) while those with good nutrition literacy consumed more foods associated with prudent and Mediterranean diets (vegetables, olive oil, nuts). CONCLUSIONS: Nutrition literacy predicted adherence to healthy/unhealthy diet patterns. These findings warrant future research to determine if improving nutrition literacy effectively improves eating patterns.

Nutrition assessment in process-driven, personalized dietetic intervention - The potential importance of assessing behavioural components to improve behavioural change: Results of the EU-funded IMPECD project.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Although up-to-date definitions for nutrition assessment integrate behavioural components, it is not clear what behavioural components are to be assessed. Since behavioural modification is linked to effective therapeutic dietetic interventions, assessing behaviour and factors influencing behaviour might be beneficial to improve personalized dietetic outcome. The aim of the following report is to emphasize the role of behavioural components and factors affecting behaviour at baseline nutrition assessment in personalized dietetic intervention. METHODS: The present work is part of the EU-funded project IMPECD ("Improvement of Education and Competences in Dietetics", www.impecd.eu). The project aims to improve the clarity and consistency of national dietetic process models to unify education and training of future dietitians. Experts from five European Universities of Applied Sciences (UAS) in Antwerp (BE), Fulda (DE), Groningen (NL), Neubrandenburg (DE) and St. Pölten (AT) developed a Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) consisting of several clinical cases. It warranted a detailed evaluation of all dietetic care process steps, starting with nutrition assessment. RESULTS: Results for motivation assessed during nutrition assessment are not consistently positively associated with outcome and the added value of assessing them at baseline is still unclear. However, depressive symptoms, emotional distress, and anxiety negatively affect eating and physical activity and therefore limit the efficacy of the dietetic intervention. Assessing behavioural components including nutrition literacy is an important precondition for influence on behavioural modification. CONCLUSION: Indisputably, baseline assessment of behavioural components and factors influencing behaviour are important to increase the therapeutic efficacy of personalized dietetic interventions.

SEOM clinical guidelines on nutrition in cancer patients (2018)

Nutritional deficiency is a common medical problem that affects 15-40% of cancer patients. It negatively impacts their quality of life and can compromise treatment completion. Oncological therapies, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and drug therapies are improving survival rates. However, all these treatments can play a role in the development of malnutrition and/or metabolic alterations in cancer patients, induced by the tumor or by its treatment. Nutritional assessment of cancer patients is necessary at the time of diagnosis and throughout treatment, so as to detect nutritional deficiencies. The Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment method is the most widely used tool that also evaluates nutritional requirements. In this guideline, we will review the indications of nutritional interventions as well as artificial nutrition in general and according to the type of treatment (radiotherapy, surgery, or systemic therapy), or palliative care. Likewise, pharmacological agents and pharmaconutrients will be reviewed in addition to the role of regular physical activity

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Apuntes sobre el coste-efectividad de la terapia nutricional con suplementación oral en la recuperación integral del paciente con DRE / Notes on the cost-effectiveness of nutritional therapy with oral supplementation in the integral recovery of the patient with MRD

La gestión eficiente de los servicios sanitarios obliga a obtener el máximo nivel de salud posible con los recursos disponibles. La economía de la salud se ha desarrollado en los últimos años ante la presión de una población más demandante, de más edad y con más comorbilidades en un entorno de recursos limitados y mayores dificultades de financiación. La economía de la nutrición nace como una nueva disciplina que atiende aspectos relacionados con el papel de la economía y la nutrición en la salud de las poblaciones sanas y enfermas. Los análisis económicos forman parte de las herramientas de evaluación de las intervenciones sanitarias. Los estudios de coste-efectividad "los más frecuentemente utilizados" han demostrado que la utilización de los suplementos nutricional orales ofrece ventajas clínicas para los pacientes desnutridos (reducción de morbimortalidad) y económicas para el sistema (reducción de estancia hospitalaria, menores tasas de reingresos y ahorros de costes). La suplementación nutricional oral en la recuperación integral del paciente con desnutrición relacionada con la enfermedad es coste-efectiva

The efficient management of health services requires obtaining the highest level of health possible with the available resources. The health economy has developed in recent years under the pressure of a more demanding population, older and with more comorbidities, in an environment of limited resources and greater financing difficulties. The Economics of Nutrition was born as a new discipline that addresses aspects related to the role of economics and nutrition in the health of healthy and sick populations. The economic analyzes are part of the evaluation tools for health interventions. Cost-effectiveness studies are the most frequently used. Cost-effectiveness studies have shown that the use of oral nutritional supplements offer clinical advantages for undernourished patients (reduction of morbidity and mortality) and economic benefits for the system (reduction of hospital stay, lower re-entry rates and cost savings). Oral nutritional supplementation in the integral recovery of the patient with malnutrition related to the disease is cost effective

Adequação nutricional de pacientes em unidade de terapia intensiva segundo indicadores de qualidade emterapia nutricional / Nutritional adequacy of patients in intensive care unit by quality indicators in nutrition therapy

Introdução: Diversas condições interferem na terapia nutricional em pacientes gravemente doentes. Pacientes em estado crítico que não recebem a terapia nutricional adequada são mais suscetíveis a complicações infecciosas e podem apresentar maior tempo de ventilação mecânica, maior permanência na unidade de terapia intensiva e maiores taxas de mortalidade. Objetivo: Avaliar a adequação da terapia nutricional enteral nas unidades de terapia intensiva de um hospital universitário de Pernambuco. Metodologia: Estudo prospectivo observacional realizado em pacientes adultos e idosos, de ambos os sexos, internados nas unidades de terpaia intensiva em um hospital universitário de Pernambuco. A adequação nutricional foi estimada através da relação percentual entre o volume de dieta prescrito e o administrado, onde foi considerado como ideal uma porcentagem maior que 80%. Com vistas a conhecer os possíveis fatores associados à inadequação nutricional, foi comparado o grupo de pacientes que recebeu < 80% do volume prescrito ao que recebeu ≥ 80%. Aplicaram-se os indicadores de qualidade em terapia nutricional. Resultados: A amostra foi composta por 71 pacientes, 57,7% homens e 60,6% idosos. Houve associação entre a adequação nutricional e melhor desfecho clínico (p=0,004) e nutrição enteral precoce (p=0,047). A inadequação nutricional associou-se ao uso de droga vasoativa (p=0,027) e presença de jejum > 24 horas (p<0,001). As causas mais frequentemente relacionadas com a interrupção da dieta foram as complicações gastrointestinais. Os indicadores: frequência da estimativa das necessidades nutricionais, diarreia, hipoglicemia e saída inadvertida da sonda nasoenteral ficaram dentro da meta estabelecida. Conclusão: A oferta inferior a 80% das necessidades nutricionais se associou a um pior desfecho clínico, sendo influenciada pela nutrição enteral tardia, uso de drogas vasoativas e jejum maior que 24 horas. A aplicação dos indicadores de qualidade em terapia nutricional favoreceu uma melhor adequação nutricional aos pacientes gravemente doentes

Introduction: Several conditions interfere with nutritional therapy in critically ill patients. Critically ill patients who do not receive adequate nutritional therapy are more susceptible to infectious complications and may have longer mechanical ventilation, longer intensive care unit stay, and higher mortality rates. Objective: To evaluate the adequacy of enteral nutritional therapy in the intensive care unit of a university hospital in Pernambuco. Methods: Prospective observational study conducted in adults and elderly patients, of both sexes, in the intensive care unit of a University Hospital of Pernambuco. The adequacy of the prescribed diet and the volume administered was estimated by the percentage ratio, which was regarded as ideal a higher percentage than 80%. In order to know the possible factors associated with nutritional inadequacy, the group of patients was compared to received <80% of the prescribed amount, the group of patients who received ≥ 80%. They applied to the quality indicators. Results: The sample consisted of 71 patients, 57.7% men and 60.6% elderly. There was an association between nutritional adequacy and better clinical outcome (p = 0.004) and enteral nutrition early (p = 0.047). The nutritional inadequacy was associated with the use of vasoactive drugs (p = 0.027) and the presence of fasting> 24 hours (p <0.001). The causes most frequently related to the discontinuation of the diet were gastrointestinal complications. Indicators: frequency of the estimated nutritional needs, diarrhea, hypoglycemia and inadvertent output of nasogastric tube were within the established target. Conclusion: The offer less than 80% of nutritional requirements is associated with a poor clinical outcome and being influenced by the late enteral nutrition, use of vasoactive drugs and greater than 24 hours fasting. The application of quality indicators in nutritional therapy promotes better nutritional adequacy to intensive care unit patients

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Community involvement in design, implementation and evaluation of nutrition interventions to reduce chronic diseases in indigenous populations in the U.S.: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Indigenous peoples of the United States disproportionately experience chronic diseases associated with poor nutrition, including obesity and diabetes. While chronic disease related health disparities among Indigenous people are well documented, it is unknown whether interventions adequately address these health disparities. In addition, it is unknown whether and to what extent interventions are culturally adapted or tailored to the unique culture, worldview and nutrition environments of Indigenous people. The aim of this review was to identify and characterize nutrition interventions conducted with Indigenous populations in the US, and to determine whether and to what degree communities are involved in intervention design, implementation and evaluation. METHODS: Peer-reviewed articles were identified using MEDLINE. Articles included were published in English in a refereed journal between 2000 and 2015, reported on a diet-related intervention in Indigenous populations in the US, and reported outcome data. Data extracted were program objectives and activities, target population, geographic region, formative research to inform design and evaluation, partnership, capacity building, involvement of the local food system, and outcomes. Narrative synthesis of intervention characteristics and the degree and type of community involvement was performed. RESULTS: Of 1060 records identified, 49 studies were included. Overall, interventions were successful in producing changes in knowledge, behavior or health (79%). Interventions mostly targeted adults in the Western region and used a pre-test, post-test design. Involvement of communities in intervention design, implementation, and evaluation varied from not at all to involvement at all stages. Of programs reporting significant changes in outcomes, more than half used at least three strategies to engage communities. However, formative research to inform the evaluation was not performed to a great degree, and fewer than half of the programs identified described involvement of the local food system. CONCLUSIONS: The extent of use of strategies to promote community engagement in programs reporting significant outcomes is notable. In planning interventions in Indigenous groups, researchers should consider ways to involve the community in intervention design, execution and evaluation. There is a particular need for studies focused on Indigenous youth in diverse regions of the US to further address diet-related chronic conditions.

Estrategias de guía e ingredientes dietéticos de precisión para enfermedades crónicas en población pre-sénior y sénior / Precision dietary guidelines and ingredients for chronic diseases in pre-senior and senior populations

El envejecimiento de la población supone un importante reto, económico y cualitativo, para el sistema de salud orientándolo hacia una atención de tipo preventivo, en la que la nutrición de precisión (NP) y la prescripción de hábitos saludables adquieren relevancia capital. El fin de la NP es procurar una nutrición adaptada a cada individuo, entendiendo que la prevención o el tratamiento de trastornos crónicos (obesidad, diabetes, enfermedad cardiovascular, etc.) deben abordarse de un modo integral, considerando información personal y clínica relevante, edad y características feno- y genotípicas. La elaboración de la presente guía surge de la necesidad de desarrollar modelos nutricionales de precisión que permitan la individualización del tratamiento nutricional, con énfasis en el adulto mayor. Las necesidades nutricionales, las recomendaciones dietéticas y los ingredientes para una NP en las personas pre-sénior y sénior quedan resumidas en realizar al menos 3 comidas diarias, reducir las calorías totales, optar por una alimentación variada y equilibrada con alimentos frescos y de alta densidad nutricional, incorporar verduras, legumbres y pescado, consumir productos lácteos y fibra, preferir carnes blancas en lugar de rojas, evitar frituras, embutidos y alimentos procesados, moderar el consumo de sal, café y alcohol, e hidratarse adecuadamente

The aging of the population underlines an important challenge for the health system not only from sanitary and economic reasons but also by quality perspectives concerning preventive care, where precision nutrition (PN) and the prescription or advice on healthy habits becomes relevant. PN focuses on provide nutrition adapted to each individual, understanding that the prevention or treatment of chronic disorders (obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, etc.) must be addressed in a comprehensive way, considering not only relevant personal and clinical information, but also healthy aging and phenotypical and genotypical features. This guide was prepared due to the need to develop precision nutritional models that allow individualized nutritional treatment for each subject and physiopathological particularities with emphasis on the elderly. Therefore, the requirements of the Spanish pre-senior and senior populations, dietary recommendations and precision foods are reviewed in this document: have at least three daily meals, reduce total calories, choose a varied and balanced diet with fresh foods and high nutritional density, add vegetables, legumes and fish, consume dairy products and fiber, prefer white meat instead of red, avoid fried foods, sausages and processed foods, moderate the consumption of salt, coffee and alcohol, and get hydrated

Environmental and behavioural modifications for improving food and fluid intake in people with dementia.

BACKGROUND: Weight loss, malnutrition and dehydration are common problems for people with dementia. Environmental modifications such as, change of routine, context or ambience at mealtimes, or behavioural modifications, such as education or training of people with dementia or caregivers, may be considered to try to improve food and fluid intake and nutritional status of people with dementia. OBJECTIVES: Primary: To assess the effects of environmental or behavioural modifications on food and fluid intake and nutritional status in people with dementia. Secondary: To assess the effects of environmental or behavioural modifications in connection with nutrition on mealtime behaviour, cognitive and functional outcomes and quality of life, in specific settings (i.e. home care, residential care and nursing home care) for different stages of dementia. To assess the adverse consequences or effects of the included interventions. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Specialized Register of Cochrane Dementia and Cognitive Improvement (ALOIS), MEDLINE, Eembase, PsycINFO, CINAHL, ClinicalTrials.gov and the World Health Organization (WHO) portal/ICTRP on 17 January 2018. We scanned reference lists of other reviews and of included articles. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) investigating interventions designed to modify the mealtime environment of people with dementia, to modify the mealtime behaviour of people with dementia or their caregivers, or both, with the intention of improving food and fluid intake. We included people with any common dementia subtype. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors independently selected studies, extracted data and assessed the risk of bias of included trials. We assessed the quality of evidence for each outcome using the GRADE approach. MAIN RESULTS: We included nine studies, investigating 1502 people. Three studies explicitly investigated participants with Alzheimer's disease; six did not specify the type of dementia. Five studies provided clear measures to identify the severity of dementia at baseline, and overall very mild to severe stages were covered. The interventions and outcome measures were diverse. The overall quality of evidence was mainly low to very low.One study implemented environmental as well as behavioural modifications by providing additional food items between meals and personal encouragement to consume them. The control group received no intervention. Differences between groups were very small and the quality of the evidence from this study was very low, so we are very uncertain of any effect of this intervention.The remaining eight studies implemented behavioural modifications.Three studies provided nutritional education and nutrition promotion programmes. Control groups did not receive these programmes. After 12 months, the intervention group showed slightly higher protein intake per day (mean difference (MD) 0.11 g/kg, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.01 to 0.23; n = 78, 1 study; low-quality evidence), but there was no clear evidence of a difference in nutritional status assessed with body mass index (BMI) (MD -0.26 kg/m² favouring control, 95% CI -0.70 to 0.19; n = 734, 2 studies; moderate-quality evidence), body weight (MD -1.60 kg favouring control, 95% CI -3.47 to 0.27; n = 656, 1 study; moderate-quality evidence), or score on Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) (MD -0.10 favouring control, 95% CI -0.67 to 0.47; n = 656, 1 study; low-quality evidence). After six months, the intervention group in one study had slightly lower BMI (MD -1.79 kg/m² favouring control, 95% CI -1.28 to -2.30; n = 52, 1 study; moderate-quality evidence) and body weight (MD -8.11 kg favouring control, 95% CI -2.06 to -12.56; n = 52, 1 study; moderate-quality evidence). This type of intervention may have a small positive effect on food intake, but little or no effect, or a negative effect, on nutritional status.Two studies compared self-feeding skills training programmes. In one study, the control group received no training and in the other study the control group received a different self-feeding skills training programme. For both comparisons the quality of the evidence was very low and we are very uncertain whether these interventions have any effect.One study investigated general training of nurses to impart knowledge on how to feed people with dementia and improve attitudes towards people with dementia. Again, the quality of the evidence was very low so that we cannot be certain of any effect.Two studies investigated vocal or tactile positive feedback provided by caregivers while feeding participants. After three weeks, the intervention group showed an increase in calories consumed per meal (MD 200 kcal, 95% CI 119.81 to 280.19; n = 42, 1 study; low-quality evidence) and protein consumed per meal (MD 15g, 95% CI 7.74 to 22.26; n = 42, 1 study; low-quality evidence). This intervention may increase the intake of food and liquids slightly; nutritional status was not assessed. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Due to the quantity and quality of the evidence currently available, we cannot identify any specific environmental or behavioural modifications for improving food and fluid intake in people with dementia.

Emerging concepts on the role of epigenetics in the relationships between nutrition and health.

Understanding the physiological and metabolic underpinnings that confer individual differences in responses to diet and diet-related chronic disease is essential to advance the field of nutrition. This includes elucidating the differences in gene expression that are mediated through programming of the genome through epigenetic chromatin modifications. Epigenetic landscapes are influenced by age, genetics, toxins and other environmental factors, including dietary exposures and nutritional status. Epigenetic modifications influence transcription and genome stability are established during development with life-long consequences. They can be inherited from one generation to the next. The covalent modifications of chromatin, which include methylation and acetylation, on DNA nucleotide bases, histone proteins and RNA are derived from intermediates of one-carbon metabolism and central metabolism. They influence key physiological processes throughout life, and together with inherited DNA primary sequence, contribute to responsiveness to environmental stresses, diet and risk for age-related chronic disease. Revealing diet-epigenetic relationships has the potential to transform nutrition science by increasing our fundamental understanding of: (i) the role of nutrients in biological systems, (ii) the resilience of living organisms in responding to environmental perturbations, and (iii) the development of dietary patterns that programme physiology for life-long health. Epigenetics may also enable the classification of individuals with chronic disease for specific dietary management and/or for efficacious diet-pharmaceutical combination therapies. These new emerging concepts at the interface of nutrition and epigenetics were discussed, and future research needs identified by leading experts at the 26th Marabou Symposium entitled 'Nutrition, Epigenetics, Genetics: Impact on Health and Disease'. For a compilation of the general discussion at the marabou symposium, click here http://www.marabousymposium.org/.

Incidents and adverse events in enteral feeding tube users: warnings based on a cohort study / Incidentes y eventos adversos en usuarios de sonda enteral: alerta a partir de una cohorte

Introduction: few studies clearly describe incidents or adverse events that occur during the enteral nutrition process, which hinders the identification of critical points. Objective: to describe breaches of protocol, incidents and adverse events, during the period beginning with indications until the use of enteral feeding tube in an Emergency Department. Method: trained nurses prospectively monitored a cohort of adults in a Brazilian Emergency Department where use of enteral feeding tube was indicated and up to their use. The study sought to identify breaches of protocol, such as verbal orders to insert feeding tubes, or authorization of their use without X-rays to confirm the position of the feeding tubes. Incidents were characterized as events that could have caused harm to patients, while adverse events were those that did actually cause harm. The study was approved by the institution's Research Ethics Committee. Results: in 150 feeding tube insertions, there were 169 breaches of protocol: verbal orders for feeding tube insertion (n = 59); no X-rays taken (n = 11); and no examination of the X-rays by physicians (n = 12). There were 30 incidents: unintentional removal of the feeding tube (n = 23); and administration of enteral nutrition after breach of preventive barriers. There was one adverse event: aspiration of enteral nutrition. Conclusion: there was a high frequency of breaches of safety protocols; many developed into incidents, and one resulted in an adverse

Introducción: pocos estudios describen claramente los incidentes o eventos adversos que suceden durante el proceso de nutrición enteral, dificultando la identificación de puntos críticos. Objetivo: describir las rupturas de protocolo, los incidentes y los eventos adversos de la indicación para uso de sondas nasogástricas en un Servicio de Urgencias. Método: enfermeras capacitadas siguieron prospectivamente a una cohorte de adultos de un Servicio de Urgencias brasileño, con indicación de uso de sonda enteral. Se buscó identificar las rupturas de protocolo, descritas como: «orden verbal» para inserción de la sonda o para aprobar su uso; y no realización de radiografía confirmatoria del posicionamiento de la sonda. Los incidentes fueron considerados eventos que podrían haber provocado daños al paciente, mientras que los eventos adversos, como incidentes que efectivamente los provocaron. Este proyecto fue aprobado por el Comité de Ética en Investigación de la institución. Resultados: en 150 inserciones de sonda hubo 169 rupturas de protocolo: orden verbal para inserción de sonda (n = 59), no realización de radiografía (n = 11) y radiografía no evaluada por médico (n = 12). Ocurrieron 30 incidentes: retiro inadvertido de sonda (n = 23) y administración de dieta en vigencia de ruptura de barreras (n = 7). Hubo un evento adverso grave (aspiración de dieta). Conclusión: hubo elevada frecuencia de ruptura de protocolo de seguridad; muchas evolucionaron a incidentes y uno de ellos resultó evento adverso

Monitorización de la nutrición enteral como indicador clínico para la evaluación de la calidad en unidades de cuidados intensivos / Tube feeding monitoring as a clinical quality indicator at intensive care units

Introducción: la desnutrición es particularmente prevalente en unidades de cuidados intensivos (UCI), asociándose con malos resultados clínicos. La nutrición enteral (NE) presenta múltiples beneficios en pacientes críticos y su monitorización ha sido establecida por la Sociedad Española de Medicina Intensiva, Crítica y Unidades Coronarias (SEMICYUC) como indicador clínico de calidad (ICC; pacientes con NE correctamente monitorizados/todos los pacientes con NE, en %). Sin embargo, no se han publicado resultados sobre su monitorización reglada. Objetivos: evaluar el cumplimiento del ICC "monitorización de la NE", identificando dificultades y posibilidades para su utilización. Metodología: durante 18 meses, el ICC fue monitorizado en pacientes de UCI según criterios de SEMICYUC. Resultados y conclusión: el ICC, aunque se presenta como único, tiene múltiples componentes, originando múltiples resultados difíciles de compilar. El estándar establecido (100%) solo fue alcanzado en control de la sonda y verificación de vómitos, regurgitación y broncoaspiración. Proponemos elaborar un listado de verificación diaria, incluyendo todos los aspectos contemplados, para su puesta en común entre los estamentos médicos y de enfermería, para cada paciente con NE (AU)

Background: Malnutrition is particularly prevalent among intensive care unit (ICU) patients, being associated with poor clinical results. Enteral nutrition (EN) offers multiple benefits on critically ill patients and its monitoring was established by the Spanish Society of Critical Care (SEMICYUC) as a clinical quality indicator (CQI; EN patients correctly monitorized / all EN patients, as %). However, no results have been published on its regulated monitoring. Objectives: Assessing CQI’s compliance, identifying difficulties and possibilities for its use. Methods: In a recent 18-month period, the CQI was assessed in ICU patients following SEMYCIUC criteria. Results and conclusion: This CQI, although offered as a unique indicator, has different components, giving rise to multiple results. The settled standard (100%) was only reached by some of these components, i.e.: feeding tube position control plus verification of vomiting, regurgitation and aspiration. We propose to elaborate a daily checklist, including the different components that integrate this CQI, for its joint completion by nurses and physicians for all patients receiving EN (AU)

Resolution of control and monitoring instrument of nutritional therapy in the intensive care unit of a university hospital / Resolución del instrumento de control y monitorización de la terapia nutricional en la unidad de cuidados intensivos de un hospital universitario

Introduction: Patients in intensive care status are in nutritional threat and frequently present innutrition, therefore monitoring the nutritional offer becomes indispensable. Aim: To purpose a control and monitoring form of enteral nutritional therapy and to evaluate its resoluteness. Methods: Observational, analytical and retrospective study performed in intensive care patients receiving an enteral diet exclusively and/or associated with the oral/parenteral route, from January to April 2015 and from January to April 2016. An enteral nutritional therapy control form was purposed and applied in 2016 and the results were compared to those of the previous year. In both of these years, five quality indicators proposed by the task force of clinical nutrition from the International Life Sciences Institute (Brazil, 2008) were applied. Results: Ninety-four patients, mostly aged, were included (47 per year) in the study. There was an increase in the number of patients that presented diarrhea (p = 0.007) and hyperglycemia (p = 0.013) as well as an increase in the occurrence of these episodes among patients (p = 0.018, p = 0.032, respectively). The frequency of diarrhea, fasting of more than 24 hours and hypoglycemia did not correspond to the goal established by the indicators. Energy and protein estimations were reported, as well as their compliance with the literature. Conclusion: After using the form, a greater report of clinical intercurrences and information on caloric and protein estimates was observed, thus demonstrating its effectiveness with respect to data recording (AU)

Introducción: los pacientes en terapia intensiva presentan riesgo nutricional y frecuentemente se encuentran en estado de malnutrición, por lo que es fundamental la monitorización de la oferta nutricional. Objetivo: proponer una forma de control y seguimiento de la terapia nutricional enteral y evaluar su efectividad. Métodos: estudio de observación, analítico y retrospectivo, realizado en pacientes ingresados en una unidad de cuidados intensivos que reciben dieta por vía enteral exclusiva y/o asociada a vía oral/parenteral, en el periodo de enero a abril de 2015 y de enero a abril de 2016. En 2016 se propuso y aplico un instrumento de control y monitorización de la terapia nutricional enteral en la unidad de cuidados intensivos y los resultados fueron comparados con los del año anterior. En ambos periodos se aplicaron cinco indicadores de calidad propuestos por el grupo especial de nutrición clínica del International Life Sciences Institute, de Brasil (2008). Resultados: se incluyen 94 pacientes y se estudiaron 47 en cada ano, la mayoría de ellos ancianos. Hubo un aumento del número de pacientes que desarrollaron diarrea (p = 0,007) e hiperglucemia (p = 0,013) y también de la cantidad de episodios de estas complicaciones (p = 0,018 y p = 0,032, respectivamente). La frecuencia de diarrea, ayuno superior a 24h e hipoglucemia no correspondía a la meta fijada por los indicadores. Se recogieron datos del aporte energético y proteico, así como su comparación con lo publicado. Conclusión: después de la utilización del instrumento hubo un aumento en el registro de complicaciones clínicas y la información referente a la estimación calórica y proteica, lo que demuestra su efectividad en el registro de datos para el cual fue desarrollado (AU)

Effects of nutritional support on short-term clinical outcomes and immune response in unresectable locally advanced oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

This retrospective study investigated the efficiency of nutritional support in unresectable locally advanced oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (LAOSCC) patients who received concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) based on 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin. In the routine care group, 63 patients served as historical controls and received nutrition support in a reactive manner. In addition, 57 patients in the nutritional support group received timely diet counselling, oral nutritional supplements, enteral nutrition and/or parenteral nutrition during CCRT. This support was based on scores from nutritional risk screening 2002 (NRS-2002) after June 2014. The nutritional support group had significant advantages over the routine care group with respect to the incidence of neutropenia, the objective response rate, the change in serum albumin and the lengths of hospital stay. In addition, the nutritional support group had significantly higher levels of IgG and IL-2, higher proportions of NK, CD3+ and CD4+ cells as well as a higher ratio of CD4+ /CD8+ cells than the routine care group (p < .05). In contrast, the nutritional support group had a significantly lower level of IL-6. In conclusion, the current nutritional care programme could bring benefits of improving treatment compliance, reducing toxicity and lengths of hospital stay and enhancing the immune response.

Estado Nutricional e indicadores de qualidade em terapia nutricional de pacientes hematológicos internados em Hospital Público Universitário do Brasil / Nutritional status ans quality indicators in nutritional therapy of hematological patients hospitalized in Public University Hospital of Brazil

Objetivo: Avaliar o estado nutricional e a prevalência de adequação dos indicadores de qualidade em terapia nutricional (IQTNs) de pacientes hospitalizados na unidade de hematologia. Métodos: Estudo de caráter transversal, retrospectivo e descritivo, realizado no período fevereiro a maio de 2017, no qual foi avaliado o estado nutricional e os IQTNs (1- realização de triagem nutricional até 48 horas de internação, 2- medida de Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC), 3- catabolismo proteico pela circunferência do braço) de 133 pacientes internados na unidade de hematologia do Hospital Universitário da rede pública de saúde em Fortaleza, por meio de informações contidas no banco de dados dos serviços de nutrição. Resultados: A amostra predominante era do sexo feminino (60,9%). A idade média geral foi em torno de 45±16,0 anos. Observou-se que a maioria dos pacientes avaliados foram classificados como eutróficos pelo IMC (41,6%) e circunferência do braço (43,6%); no entanto, de acordo com a triagem nutricional, a maioria dos pacientes internados encontrava- se em risco nutricional (55,3%). Com relação aos IQTNs, observou-se conformidade no indicador 1 e não conformidade nos indicadores 2 e 3. Conclusão: Conclui-se que a maioria dos pacientes eram eutróficos; no entanto, apresentavam risco nutricional. Além disso, O IMC foi o único indicador de qualidade que atingiu a meta proposta. Sendo assim, ressalta-se a importância da avaliação periódica dos outros IQTNs do serviço de nutrição, visto que os pacientes hematológicos merecem atenção especial por apresentarem elevado risco nutricional e necessitarem de cuidados rigorosos

Objective: To evaluate the nutritional status and the adequacy prevalence of quality indicators for nutrition therapy (QINTs) of hospitalized patients in the hematology unit. Methods: A cross-sectional, retrospective and descriptive study was carried out between February and May 2017, in which nutritional status and QINTs were evaluated (1- nutritional screening up to 48 hours of hospitalization, 2- body mass index (BMI), 3- protein catabolism by arm circumference) of 133 patients hospitalized at the University Hospital of the public health service in Fortaleza, through information contained in the database of the nutrition services. Results: The predominant sample was female (60.9%). Overall mean age was around 45 ± 16.0 years. It was observed that the majority of the evaluated patients were classified as eutrophic based on BMI (41.6%) and arm circumference (43.6%); however, according to nutritional screening, most hospitalized patients were at nutritional risk (55.3%). With regard to QINTs, compliance with indicator 1 and nonconformity in indicators 2 and 3 were observed. Conclusions: It is concluded that the majority of patients were eutrophic; however, presented nutritional risk. The BMI was the only quality indicator that met the proposed goal. Therefore, the importance of periodic evaluation of other indicators of quality of nutrition service is emphasized, since hematological patients deserve special attention because they present high nutritional risk and require rigorous care

Objetivo: Evaluar el estado nutricional y la prevalencia de adecuación de los indicadores de calidad en terapia nutricional (IQTNs) de pacientes hospitalizados en la unidad de hematología. Método: El estudio de carácter transversal, retrospectivo y descriptivo, realizado en el período febrero a mayo de 2017, en el cual se evaluó el estado nutricional y los IQTNs (1- realización de clasificación nutricional hasta 48 horas de internación, 2- medida de Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC), 3- catabolismo proteico por la circunferencia del brazo) de 133 pacientes internados en la unidad de hematología del Hospital Universitario de la red pública de salud en Fortaleza, por medio de informaciones contenidas en el banco de datos de los servicios de nutrición. Resultados: La muestra predominante era del sexo femenino (60,9%). La edad media general fue de alrededor de 45 ± 16,0 años. Se observó que la mayoría de los pacientes evaluados fueron clasificados como eutróficos por el IMC (41,6%) y circunferencia del brazo (43,6%); sin embargo, de acuerdo con la clasificación nutricional, la mayoría de los pacientes internados se encontraba en riesgo nutricional (55,3%). Con respecto a los IQTNs, se observó conformidad en el indicador 1 y no conformidad en los indicadores 2 y 3. Conclusiones: Se concluye que la mayoría de los pacientes eran eutróficos; sin embargo, presentaban riesgo nutricional. Además, el IMC fue el único indicador de calidad que alcanzó la meta propuesta. Por lo tanto, se resalta la importancia de la evaluación periódica de los otros IQTNs del servicio de nutrición, ya que los pacientes hematológicos merecen atención especial por presentar un alto riesgo nutricional y necesitan cuidados rigurosos

A review of mitochondrial optic neuropathies: from inherited to acquired forms / Revisión de las neuropatías ópticas mitocondriales: de las formas hereditarias a las adquiridas

In recent years, the term mitochondrial optic neuropathy (MON) has increasingly been used within the literature to describe a group of optic neuropathies that exhibit mitochondrial dysfunction in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Interestingly, MONs include genetic aetiologies, such as Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and dominant optic atrophy (DOA), as well as acquired aetiologies resulting from drugs, nutritional deficiencies, and mixed aetiologies. Regardless of an inherited or acquired cause, patients exhibit the same clinical manifestations with selective loss of the RGCs due to mitochondrial dysfunction. Various novel therapies are being explored to reverse or limit damage to the RGCs. Here we review the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, differential diagnosis, current treatment, and promising therapeutic targets of MON (AU)

En los últimos años, se ha incrementado el uso en la literatura del término neuropatía óptica mitocondrial (MON), para describir un grupo de neuropatías ópticas que presentan una disfunción mitocondrial en las células ganglionares de la retina (RGC). De manera interesante, las MON incluyen etiologías genéticas, tales como Neuropatía Óptica Hereditaria de Leber (LHON) y Atrofia Óptica Dominante (DOA), así como etiologías adquiridas derivadas del consumo de drogas, deficiencias nutricionales y etiologías mixtas. Independientemente de que la causa sea hereditaria o adquirida, los pacientes presentan las mismas manifestaciones clínicas, con pérdida selectiva de RGCs debido a la disfunción mitocondrial. Se están explorando diversas terapias novedosas para revertir o limitar el daño a las RGC. En este documento revisamos la patofisiología, las manifestaciones clínicas, los diagnósticos diferenciales, el tratamiento actual y los prometedores objetivos terapéuticos de las MON (AU)

Long-term nutritional impact of sleeve gastrectomy.

BACKGROUND: Sleeve gastrectomy (SG) has become a predominant bariatric procedure throughout the world. However, the long-term nutritional impact of this procedure is unknown. OBJECTIVES: To describe the nutritional deficiencies before and after SG and to analyze the influence of baseline weight on nutritional status. SETTING: University-affiliated tertiary care center. METHODS: All patients who underwent SG as a standalone procedure between 2008 and 2012 were included in this study. Patients were given multivitamin supplementation. Data were obtained from our prospectively maintained electronic database and are reported as mean ± standard deviation and percentage. Bivariate analyses were conducted to evaluate the influence of selected variables on outcomes. RESULTS: The mean age of the 537 patients was 48.0 ± 11.3 years, with an initial body mass index of 48.1 ± 8.7 kg/m2. Excess weight loss and total weight loss were 56.2% and 28.0% at 1 year and 43.0% and 21.1% at 5 years, respectively (P<.0001). Percentage of follow-up was 74% at 5 years (n = 79). The mean follow-up time was 34.3 ± 17.2 months. Hypoalbuminemia was present in 1.1% preoperatively and 4.2% at 5 years (P = .0043), low ferritin levels in 8.6% and 37.8% (P<.0001), low vitamin B12 in 30.3% and 16.4% (P<.0001), low vitamin D 63.2% and 24.3% (P<.0001), and hyperparathyroidism in 23.4% and 20.8% (P<.0001). There was no significant difference in the prevalence of anemia over time (P = 0.4301). The prevalence of vitamin A insufficiency peaked from 7.9% preoperatively to 28.7% at 3 months (P<.0001) and returned to baseline thereafter. Baseline weight was negatively correlated with vitamin B12 and vitamin D. CONCLUSION: Nutritional deficiencies are common in patients with morbid obesity before and after surgery. Preoperative supplementation and long-term nutritional follow-up are required to prevent nutritional deficiencies.